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        <h2 id="添加依赖">添加依赖</h2>
<p>设计一个能够处理客户端<code>HTTP</code>请求的Web应用，我们需要项目添加对<code>Servlet</code>框架的依赖，在<code>pom.xml</code>文件中添加依赖如下</p>
<figure class="highlight xml"><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">dependency</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">groupId</span>&gt;</span>javax.servlet<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">groupId</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">artifactId</span>&gt;</span>javax.servlet-api<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">artifactId</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">version</span>&gt;</span>3.0.1<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">version</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">scope</span>&gt;</span>provided<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">scope</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">dependency</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<span id="more"></span>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&lt;scope&gt;</code>标签解释：标注依赖和本项目项目<strong>开发流程</strong>的关系</p>
<ul>
<li><code>provided</code>：在项目编译和运行时需要此依赖，在最终打包项目时不需要此依赖</li>
<li><code>compile</code>：标签默认模式，该依赖会在最终被打包进项目中</li>
<li><code>runtime</code>：在运行项目时需要此依赖，在编译时项目时不需要</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="添加servlet请求处理类型">添加<code>Servlet</code>请求处理类型</h2>
<p>对于客户端一个具体的HTTP请求，我们需要实现一个<code>Servlet</code>类型来处理，代码如下</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@WebServlet("/test")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">TestServlet</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_">HttpServlet</span> {</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">protected</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">doGet</span><span class="params">(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> ServletException, IOException {</span><br><span class="line">        List&lt;Test&gt; tests = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">TestServiceImpl</span>().TestSelect();</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(tests);</span><br><span class="line">        req.setAttribute(<span class="string">"list"</span>, tests);</span><br><span class="line">        req.getRequestDispatcher(<span class="string">"list.jsp"</span>).forward(req, resp);</span><br><span class="line">    }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<p>Tips:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>@WebServlet("/test")</code>标记，指定了当前<code>Servlet</code>将处理客户端的哪种请求，该请求由客户端指定的URL路径特殊标识</p></li>
<li><p><code>extends HttpServlet</code>继承父类<code>HttpServlet</code>，只有当前<code>Servlet</code>类型继承该父类以后，才是一个真正的<code>Servlet</code>处理类型</p></li>
<li><p>对于<code>HTTP</code>中的<code>GET</code>请求，我们需要重写父类的<code>doGet</code>方法，同理，处理<code>POST</code>请求则重写<code>doPost</code>方法。在<code>doGet</code>方法中，通过参数<code>HttpServletRequest</code>类型，我们可以获取HTTP请求报文的所有参数</p></li>
<li><p><code>req.setAttribute</code>方法在上述<code>doGet</code>方法中，将<code>Model</code>层服务提供的数据库表单添加到<code>HttpServletRequest</code>的属性中，<strong>属性名</strong>为<code>list</code>，<strong>属性值</strong>为<code>tests</code>（服务层提供的数据），也可以理解为<code>HTTP</code>请求报文中的请求行添加一个字段信息。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>为什么会在浏览器提交HTTP请求报文后，我们还会在<code>doGet</code>方法中丰富这个请求的内容？可以这样理解，HTTP请求报文信息对应一个<code>HttpServletRequest</code>实例，在<code>setAttrubute</code>方法之后，我们会将GET请求的处理转移到目标资源JSP文件中执行，而执行内容就是将数据放在JSP文件中返回回去，所以为了能够让JSP文件能够得到我们MVC架构中Model层提供数据，我们会将该数据以请求报文信息的形式转交给JSP文件。</p>
</blockquote></li>
<li><p><code>req.getRequestDispatcher</code>方法将GET请求的处理转移到指定资源中进行，这里就是<code>list.jsp</code>文件，而改行代码中的<code>forward</code>方法会将<strong>请求类型</strong>和<strong>响应类型</strong>都转发到该<code>jsp</code>文件中。单就这个转发操作而言，就是把客户端的HTTP请求转交给目标资源<code>jsp</code>进行处理，而该<code>jsp</code>资源有可以通过之前的到的<code>list</code>属性将服务器得到的数据嵌在<code>jsp</code>文件中，最后解析并返回给浏览器</p></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mvc设计模式">MVC设计模式</h2>
<h3 id="概念解析">概念解析</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>Model</code>：处理或获取数据，属于MVC设计模式的最底层，将整个<code>Web</code>项目的功能目标拆分为一个个小功能，例如数据库查询、数据处理等</li>
<li><code>Controller</code>：负责响应用户并调用<code>Model</code>的服务，其作为中间层，接收来自<code>View</code>的输入，解析请求并选择调用<code>Model</code>的哪一项服务，最后将<code>Model</code>返回的服务内容反馈到<code>View</code>中</li>
<li><code>View</code>：UI界面，用户直接看到的<code>Web</code>信息</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="举例说明">举例说明</h3>
<p>MVC设计模式可以存在于“浏览器查询服务器数据库”这一简单的DEMO中，项目结构如下</p>
<p><img src="https://i.postimg.cc/kMS7ZQ90/image.png" style="zoom:50%;"></p>
<p>用MVC设计模式理解该项目架构</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><code>View</code>层，浏览器发出数据库查询的HTTP请求</li>
<li><code>Controller</code>层，<code>TestServlet</code>类型监听客户端的相应请求，并在触发后开始调用<code>Model</code>的服务</li>
<li><code>Model</code>层，<code>TestMapper</code>接口借助<code>MyBatis</code>框架，实现Java方法直接操作数据库的方式，接口的函数体逻辑定义在<code>TestMapper.xml</code>映射器文件中</li>
<li><code>Model</code>层，<code>Test</code>类型作为一个<code>JavaBean</code>，其实并没有运行任何业务逻辑，其存在的意义只是将数据库中的记录以<code>Java</code>类型的形式表现出来，方便在Java代码中使用。这里<code>TestMapper</code>接口函数得到的数据库数据以<code>Test</code>类型的形式返回给<code>TestServlet</code></li>
<li><code>Controller</code>层，<code>TestServlet</code>处理类型得到数据以后，准备将其放在JSP资源中返回回去</li>
<li><code>View</code>层，最终浏览器将JSP资源解析得到的HTML资源渲染在用户面前</li>
</ol>

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